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Linus Torvalds
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Creator and lead developer of Linux kernel
Linus Torvalds
Lc3 2018 (263682303) (cropped).jpeg
Torvalds in 2018
Born
Linus Benedict Torvalds
(1969-12-28) 28 December 1969 (age 52)
Helsinki, Finland
Nationality Finnish (by birth)
American (naturalized)^[1]
Alma mater University of Helsinki (M.S.)^[2]
Occupation Software engineer
Employer Linux Foundation
Known for Linux, Git, Subsurface
Parent(s) Nils Torvalds (father)
Anna "Mikke" Torvalds (nee Toernqvist, mother)
Relatives Sara Torvalds (sister)
Leo Toernqvist (grandfather)
Ole Torvalds (grandfather)
Toivo Karanko (great-grandfather)
Linus Benedict Torvalds (/|li:n@s |tO:rvO:ldz/ LEE-n@s TOR-vawldz,^[3]
Finland Swedish: [|li:nu"s |tu:rvAlds] ( About this sound listen); born
28 December 1969) is a Finnish-American software engineer who is the
creator and, historically, the main developer of the Linux kernel, used
by Linux distributions and other operating systems such as Android. He
also created the distributed version control system Git and the scuba
dive logging and planning software Subsurface.
He was honored, along with Shinya Yamanaka, with the 2012 Millennium
Technology Prize by the Technology Academy Finland "in recognition of
his creation of a new open source operating system for computers
leading to the widely used Linux kernel."^[4] He is also the recipient
of the 2014 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award^[5] and the
2018 IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award.^[6]
[ ]
Contents
* 1 Life and career
+ 1.1 Early years
+ 1.2 Linux
* 2 The Linus/Linux connection
* 3 Authority and trademark
* 4 Other software
* 5 Personal life
* 6 Awards and achievements
* 7 Media recognition
* 8 Bibliography
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 Further reading
* 12 External links
Life and career[edit]
Early years[edit]
Torvalds was born in Helsinki, Finland, on 28 December 1969. He is the
son of journalists Anna and Nils Torvalds,^[7] the grandson of
statistician Leo Toernqvist and of poet Ole Torvalds and the
great-grandson of journalist and soldier Toivo Karanko. His parents
were campus radicals at the University of Helsinki in the 1960s. His
family belongs to the Swedish-speaking minority in Finland. Torvalds
was named after Linus Pauling, the Nobel Prize-winning American
chemist, although in the book Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source
Revolution, Torvalds is quoted as saying, "I think I was named equally
for Linus the Peanuts cartoon character", noting that this makes him
half "Nobel Prize-winning chemist" and half "blanket-carrying cartoon
character".^[8]
Torvalds attended the University of Helsinki between 1988 and 1996,^[9]
graduating with a master's degree in computer science from the NODES
research group.^[10] His academic career was interrupted after his
first year of study when he joined the Finnish Navy Nyland Brigade in
the summer of 1989, selecting the 11-month officer training program to
fulfill the mandatory military service of Finland. He gained the rank
of second lieutenant, with the role of an artillery observer.^[11]
Torvalds bought computer science professor Andrew Tanenbaum's book
Operating Systems: Design and Implementation, in which Tanenbaum
describes MINIX, an educational stripped-down version of Unix. In 1990,
he resumed his university studies, and was exposed to Unix for the
first time, in the form of a DEC MicroVAX running ULTRIX.^[12] His MSc
thesis was titled Linux: A Portable Operating System.^[13]
His interest in computers began with a Commodore VIC-20,^[14] at the
age of 11 in 1981, initially programming in BASIC, but later by
directly accessing the 6502 CPU in machine code. He did not make use of
assembly language.^[15] After the VIC-20 he purchased a Sinclair QL,
which he modified extensively, especially its operating system.
"Because it was so hard to get software for it in Finland, Linus wrote
his own assembler and editor (in addition to Pac-Man graphics
libraries)"^[16] for the QL, as well as a few games.^[17]^[18] He wrote
a Pac-Man clone named Cool Man. On 5 January 1991^[19] he purchased an
Intel 80386-based clone of IBM PC^[20] before receiving his MINIX copy,
which in turn enabled him to begin work on Linux.
Linux[edit]
Main article: History of Linux
The first prototypes of Linux were publicly released later in
1991.^[8]^[21] Version 1.0 was released on 14 March 1994.^[22]
Torvalds first encountered the GNU Project in 1991, after another
Swedish-speaking computer science student, Lars Wirzenius, took him to
the University of Technology to listen to free software guru Richard
Stallman's speech. Torvalds used Stallman's GNU General Public License
version 2 (GPLv2) for his Linux kernel.
After a visit to Transmeta in late 1996,^[23] Torvalds accepted a
position at the company in California, where he would work from
February 1997 until June 2003. He then moved to the Open Source
Development Labs, which has since merged with the Free Standards Group
to become the Linux Foundation, under whose auspices he continues to
work. In June 2004, Torvalds and his family moved to Dunthorpe,
Oregon,^[24] to be closer to the OSDL's headquarters in Beaverton,
Oregon.
From 1997 to 1999, he was involved in 86open, helping to choose the
standard binary format for Linux and Unix. In 1999, he was named by the
MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the world's top 100 innovators
under age 35.^[25]
In 1999, Red Hat and VA Linux, both leading developers of Linux-based
software, presented Torvalds with stock options in gratitude for his
creation.^[26] That same year both companies went public and Torvalds's
share value temporarily shot up to roughly US$20 million.^[27]^[28]
His personal mascot is a penguin nicknamed Tux,^[29] which has been
widely adopted by the Linux community as the mascot of the Linux
kernel.^[30]
Although Torvalds believes "open source is the only right way to do
software", he also has said that he uses the "best tool for the job",
even if that includes proprietary software.^[31] He was criticized for
his use and alleged advocacy of the proprietary BitKeeper software for
version control in the Linux kernel. Torvalds subsequently wrote a
free-software replacement for BitKeeper called Git.
In 2008, Torvalds stated that he used the Fedora Linux distribution
because it had fairly good support for the PowerPC processor
architecture, which he had favored at the time.^[32] His usage of
Fedora was confirmed in a later 2012 interview.^[33] He has also posted
updates about his choice of desktop environment, often in response to
perceived feature regressions.
Currently, the Linux Foundation sponsors Torvalds so he can work
full-time on improving Linux.^[34]
Linus Torvalds is known for vocally disagreeing with other developers
on the Linux kernel mailing list.^[35] Calling himself a "really
unpleasant person", he later explained "I'd like to be a nice person
and curse less and encourage people to grow rather than telling them
they are idiots. I'm sorry - I tried, it's just not in me."^[36]^[37]
His attitude, which Torvalds considers necessary for making his point
clear, has drawn criticism from Intel programmer Sage Sharp and systemd
developer Lennart Poettering, among others.^[38]^[39]
On Sunday, 16 September 2018 the Linux Kernel Code of Conflict was
suddenly replaced by a new Code of Conduct based on the Contributor
Covenant. Shortly thereafter, in the release notes for Linux 4.19-rc4,
Torvalds apologized for his behavior, calling the personal attacks of
the past "unprofessional and uncalled for" and announced a period of
"time off" to "get some assistance on how to understand people's
emotions and respond appropriately". It soon transpired that these
events followed The New Yorker approaching Torvalds with a series of
questions critical of his conduct.^[40]^[41]^[42] Following the release
of Linux 4.19 on 22 October 2018, Linus went back to maintaining the
kernel.^[43]
The Linus/Linux connection[edit]
Main article: History of Linux S: Naming
Initially, Torvalds wanted to call the kernel he developed Freax (a
combination of "free", "freak", and the letter X to indicate that it is
a Unix-like system), but his friend Ari Lemmke, who administered the
FTP server where the kernel was first hosted for download, named
Torvalds's directory linux.^[44]
Authority and trademark[edit]
As of 2006, approximately two percent of the Linux kernel was written
by Torvalds himself.^[28] Because thousands have contributed to the
Linux kernel, this percentage is one of the largest contributions to
it. However, he stated in 2012 that his own personal contribution is
now mostly merging code written by others, with little
programming.^[45] Torvalds retains the highest authority to decide
which new code is incorporated into the standard Linux kernel.^[46]
Torvalds holds the "Linux" trademark^[47] and monitors the use of
it,^[48] chiefly through the Linux Mark Institute.
Other software[edit]
Git
See also: Git S: History
Torvalds began development on Git, a piece of version control software
that would later become commonly used, on 3 April 2005. On 26 July
2005, Torvalds turned over maintenance of Git to Junio Hamano, a major
contributor to the project.
Subsurface
Subsurface is a piece of software for logging and planning scuba dives.
Torvalds started the project in late 2011, and Dirk Hohndel became the
head maintainer in late 2012.^[49] Subsurface is free and open-source
software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License
version 2.^[50]
Personal life[edit]
Torvalds in 2002
Linus Torvalds is married to Tove Torvalds (nee Monni)--a six-time
Finnish national karate champion--whom he first met in late 1993. Linus
was running introductory computer laboratory exercises for students and
instructed the course attendees to send him an e-mail as a test, to
which Tove responded with an e-mail asking for a date.^[8] Tove and
Linus were later married and have three daughters, two of whom were
born in the United States.^[51] The Linux kernel's reboot system call
accepts their dates of birth (written in hexadecimal) as magic
values.^[52]^[53]
Torvalds has described himself as "completely a-religious--atheist",
adding that "I find that people seem to think religion brings morals
and appreciation of nature. I actually think it detracts from both. It
gives people the excuse to say, 'Oh, nature was just created,' and so
the act of creation is seen to be something miraculous. I appreciate
the fact that, 'Wow, it's incredible that something like this could
have happened in the first place.'" He later added that while in Europe
religion is mostly a personal issue, in the United States it has become
very politicized. When discussing the issue of church and state
separation, Torvalds also said, "Yeah, it's kind of ironic that in many
European countries, there is actually a kind of legal binding between
the state and the state religion."^[54] In a story about the March
LinuxWorld Conference titled "Linus the Liberator", Torvalds is quoted
as saying "There are like two golden rules in life. One is 'Do unto
others as you would want them to do unto you.' For some reason, people
associate this with Christianity. I'm not a Christian. I'm agnostic.
The other rule is 'Be proud of what you do.'"^[55]
In 2010, Torvalds became a United States citizen and registered to vote
in the United States. He is unaffiliated with any U.S. political party,
saying, "I have way too much personal pride to want to be associated
with any of them, quite frankly."^[51]
Linus developed an interest in scuba diving in the early 2000s and went
on to achieve numerous certifications, which later led to him creating
the Subsurface project.^[56]
Awards and achievements[edit]
Linus Torvalds receiving 2018 IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics
Award from ICCE 2018 Conference Chair Saraju P. Mohanty and IEEE
President James A. Jefferies at ICCE 2018 on 12 January 2018 in Las
Vegas
Awards and achievements
Year Award Notes
2018 IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award IEEE Masaru Ibuka
Consumer Electronics Award is conferred by the Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers for outstanding contributions to consumer
electronics technology has been named in honor the co-founder and
honorary chairman of Sony Corporation, Masaru Ibuka. 2018 Ibuka award
was conferred to Linus Torvalds "For his leadership of the development
and proliferation of Linux."^[6]
2014 IEEE Computer Pioneer Award On 23 April 2014, the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers named Torvalds as the 2014
recipient of the IEEE Computer Society's Computer Pioneer Award. The
Computer Pioneer Award was established in 1981 by the IEEE Computer
Society Board of Governors to recognize and honor the vision of those
whose efforts resulted in the creation and continued vitality of the
computer industry. The award is presented to outstanding individuals
whose main contribution to the concepts and development of the computer
field was made at least 15 years earlier.^[57]
2012 Internet Hall of Fame On 23 April 2012, at Internet Society's
Global INET conference in Geneva, Switzerland, Torvalds was one of the
inaugural inductees into the Internet Hall of Fame, one of ten in the
Innovators category and thirty-three overall inductees.^[58]
2012 Millennium Technology Prize On 20 April 2012, Torvalds was
declared one of two winners of that year's Millennium Technology
Prize,^[59] along with Shinya Yamanaka.^[60] The honor is widely
described as technology's equivalent of the Nobel Prize.
2010 C&C Prize He was awarded the C&C Prize by the NEC Corporation in
2010 for "contributions to the advancement of the information
technology industry, education, research, and the improvement of our
lives".^[61]
2008 Hall of Fellows In 2008, he was inducted into the Hall of Fellows
of the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, "for the
creation of the Linux kernel and the management of open source
development of the widely used Linux operating system."^[62]^[63]
2005 Vollum Award In August 2005, Torvalds received the Vollum Award
from Reed College.^[64]
2003 Linus (Moon) In 2003, the naming of the asteroid moon Linus was
motivated in part by the fact that the discoverer was an enthusiastic
Linux user. Although the naming proposal referred to the mythological
Linus, son of the muse Calliope and the inventor of melody and rhythm,
the name was also meant to honor Linus Torvalds, and Linus van Pelt, a
character in the Peanuts comic strip.^[65]
2001 Takeda Award In 2001, he shared the Takeda Award for
Social/Economic Well-Being with Richard Stallman and Ken Sakamura.
2000 Lovelace Medal In 2000, he was awarded the Lovelace Medal from the
British Computer Society.^[66]
1998 EFF Pioneer Award In 1998, Torvalds received an EFF Pioneer
Award.^[67]
1997 Academic Honors In 1997, Torvalds received his master's degree
(Laudatur Grade) from the Department of Computer Science at the
University of Helsinki. Two years later he received honorary doctor
status at Stockholm University, and in 2000, he received the same honor
from his alma mater.^[68]
University of Helsinki has named an auditorium after Torvalds and his
computer is on display at the Department of Computer Science.
1996 9793 Torvalds (Asteroid) In 1996, the asteroid 9793 Torvalds was
named after him.^[69]
Media recognition[edit]
Time magazine has recognized Torvalds multiple times:
* In 2000, he was 17th in their Time 100: The Most Important People
of the Century poll.^[70]
* In 2004, he was named one of the most influential people in the
world by Time magazine.^[71]
* In 2006, the magazine's Europe edition named him one of the
revolutionary heroes of the past 60 years.^[26]
InfoWorld presented him with the 2000 Award for Industry
Achievement.^[72] In 2005, Torvalds appeared as one of "the best
managers" in a survey by BusinessWeek.^[73] In 2006, Business 2.0
magazine named him one of "10 people who don't matter" because the
growth of Linux has shrunk Torvalds's individual impact.^[74]
In summer 2004, viewers of YLE (the Finnish Broadcasting Company)
placed Torvalds 16th in the network's 100 Greatest Finns. In 2010, as
part of a series called The Britannica Guide to the World's Most
Influential People, Torvalds was listed among The 100 Most Influential
Inventors of All Time (
ISBN 9781615300037).^[75]
On 11 October 2017, the Linux company SUSE made a song titled "Linus
Said".^[76]
Bibliography[edit]
*
Torvalds, Linus; Diamond, David (2001). Just for Fun: The Story of an
Accidental Revolutionary. New York City, United States: HarperCollins.
ISBN 0-06-662072-4.^[77]
Himanen, Pekka (2001). The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the
Information Age. Random House. ISBN 951-0-25417-7. "Prologue: Linus
Torvalds; Epilogue: Manuel Castells"
Moody, Glyn: Rebel Code. Engl. the beginning of work: Rebel Code.
Eng. Riikka Toivanen and Heikki Karjalainen. In January 2001.
ISBN 951-31-2003-1.
Nikkanen, Tuula: The Linux story. Satku, 2000. ISBN 951-762-990-7.
See also[edit]
* Linus's law
* Tanenbaum-Torvalds debate
* Tux
* List of computer pioneers
References[edit]
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+
Valsamidis, Tony (7 February 2003). "Red Hats off to a low
maintenance son". Times Higher Education Supplement. p. 28.
78.
Wayner, Peter (1 May 2001). "Just for Fun, by Linus Torvalds and David
Diamond; Rebel Code, by Glyn Moody". Wired. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
Further reading[edit]
*
Himanen, Pekka; Torvalds, Linus; Castells, Manuel (2001). The Hacker
Ethic. Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0-436-20550-5.
External links[edit]
Linus Torvaldsat Wikipedia's sister projects
* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Data from Wikidata
* Linus' blog at Blogger (last post in 2011)
* Linus Torvalds and His Five Entrepreneurial Lessons at
AllBusiness.com
*
Young, Robert (March 1994). "Interview with Linus, the Author of
Linux". Linux Journal (#1).
Fresh Air radio interview - 4 June 2001
Ten years of NODES
Linus Torvalds: Linux succeeded thanks to selfishness and trust
Torvalds interview
Lawsuits involving Torvalds at Curlie
Preceded by
Michael Graetzel
Millennium Technology Prize winner
2012 Succeeded by
Stuart Parkin
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2012
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2013
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2014
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2012
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2013
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2014
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2012
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2013
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2014
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2017
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2019
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